Simple learning example for digital to analog on Arduino with MicroChip MC 4921

The Arduino hardware only provides PWM pseudo-DAC support. I had the need to create a simple set of signal wave forms, so I though I would try and accomplish it with the Arduino. I had a AdaFruit Wave Shield v1.1 sitting around, a neat device that does a number of things, but primarily focused on playing back audio files from it's attached SD card reader. I looked around for some code to create wave forms with its on board MicroChip MC 4921 12 bit DAC, but found nothing that was written directly for the Wave Shield. Several folks have posted info on using the MCP 4921 with the Arduino in projects, so I follow their leads and hacked up the code I needed. Below is a simple first step I used to learn to talk to the DAC chip, might give others a starting point. It also shows the basics for storing data in the program code memory of the ATMEL x28 processors. The sine table is far too big to fit in data memory on the Arduino.

Thanks to the folks cited in the comments below for their work.

 

// DAC-programming01
// 30-May-2011
// direct programming of Microchip MCP 4921 12 bit D to A on the AdaFruit WaveShield v1.1 
// Dave Proffer
//
// demonstrates programming the MCP4921 to generate several different wave forms
// look like about 0.666 hertz or 1.5 seconds per cycle on Dumilanove with ATmega328 16 Mhz
// sine wave generated by : http://www.daycounter.com/Calculators/Sine-Generator-Calculator.phtml
// initial MCP 4921 code from: http://www.csulb.edu/~hill/ Prof. G. C. Hill at CSULB
//


#include 

#define DATAOUT     4  //MOSI
#define SPICLOCK    3  //sck
#define SLAVESELECT 2  //ss
#define LDAC 5

#define ledPin       13
 
  word sensorValue;
  word interval;
  byte data = 0;
  
// this sine wave table, 1024 12 bit words is too big for the RAM of the Arduino, so we use the ATMEL rountes to store in in the much larger program non-vol mem
  PROGMEM prog_uint16_t sineLookup[1024] = 
{
2048,2060,2073,2085,2098,2110,2123,2135,2148,2161,
2173,2186,2198,2211,2223,2236,2248,2261,2273,2286,
2298,2311,2323,2335,2348,2360,2373,2385,2398,2410,
2422,2435,2447,2459,2472,2484,2496,2508,2521,2533,
2545,2557,2569,2581,2594,2606,2618,2630,2642,2654,
2666,2678,2690,2702,2714,2725,2737,2749,2761,2773,
2784,2796,2808,2819,2831,2843,2854,2866,2877,2889,
2900,2912,2923,2934,2946,2957,2968,2979,2990,3002,
3013,3024,3035,3046,3057,3068,3078,3089,3100,3111,
3122,3132,3143,3154,3164,3175,3185,3195,3206,3216,
3226,3237,3247,3257,3267,3277,3287,3297,3307,3317,
3327,3337,3346,3356,3366,3375,3385,3394,3404,3413,
3423,3432,3441,3450,3459,3468,3477,3486,3495,3504,
3513,3522,3530,3539,3548,3556,3565,3573,3581,3590,
3598,3606,3614,3622,3630,3638,3646,3654,3662,3669,
3677,3685,3692,3700,3707,3714,3722,3729,3736,3743,
3750,3757,3764,3771,3777,3784,3791,3797,3804,3810,
3816,3823,3829,3835,3841,3847,3853,3859,3865,3871,
3876,3882,3888,3893,3898,3904,3909,3914,3919,3924,
3929,3934,3939,3944,3949,3953,3958,3962,3967,3971,
3975,3980,3984,3988,3992,3996,3999,4003,4007,4010,
4014,4017,4021,4024,4027,4031,4034,4037,4040,4042,
4045,4048,4051,4053,4056,4058,4060,4063,4065,4067,
4069,4071,4073,4075,4076,4078,4080,4081,4083,4084,
4085,4086,4087,4088,4089,4090,4091,4092,4093,4093,
4094,4094,4094,4095,4095,4095,4095,4095,4095,4095,
4094,4094,4094,4093,4093,4092,4091,4090,4089,4088,
4087,4086,4085,4084,4083,4081,4080,4078,4076,4075,
4073,4071,4069,4067,4065,4063,4060,4058,4056,4053,
4051,4048,4045,4042,4040,4037,4034,4031,4027,4024,
4021,4017,4014,4010,4007,4003,3999,3996,3992,3988,
3984,3980,3975,3971,3967,3962,3958,3953,3949,3944,
3939,3934,3929,3924,3919,3914,3909,3904,3898,3893,
3888,3882,3876,3871,3865,3859,3853,3847,3841,3835,
3829,3823,3816,3810,3804,3797,3791,3784,3777,3771,
3764,3757,3750,3743,3736,3729,3722,3714,3707,3700,
3692,3685,3677,3669,3662,3654,3646,3638,3630,3622,
3614,3606,3598,3590,3581,3573,3565,3556,3548,3539,
3530,3522,3513,3504,3495,3486,3477,3468,3459,3450,
3441,3432,3423,3413,3404,3394,3385,3375,3366,3356,
3346,3337,3327,3317,3307,3297,3287,3277,3267,3257,
3247,3237,3226,3216,3206,3195,3185,3175,3164,3154,
3143,3132,3122,3111,3100,3089,3078,3068,3057,3046,
3035,3024,3013,3002,2990,2979,2968,2957,2946,2934,
2923,2912,2900,2889,2877,2866,2854,2843,2831,2819,
2808,2796,2784,2773,2761,2749,2737,2725,2714,2702,
2690,2678,2666,2654,2642,2630,2618,2606,2594,2581,
2569,2557,2545,2533,2521,2508,2496,2484,2472,2459,
2447,2435,2422,2410,2398,2385,2373,2360,2348,2335,
2323,2311,2298,2286,2273,2261,2248,2236,2223,2211,
2198,2186,2173,2161,2148,2135,2123,2110,2098,2085,
2073,2060,2048,2035,2022,2010,1997,1985,1972,1960,
1947,1934,1922,1909,1897,1884,1872,1859,1847,1834,
1822,1809,1797,1784,1772,1760,1747,1735,1722,1710,
1697,1685,1673,1660,1648,1636,1623,1611,1599,1587,
1574,1562,1550,1538,1526,1514,1501,1489,1477,1465,
1453,1441,1429,1417,1405,1393,1381,1370,1358,1346,
1334,1322,1311,1299,1287,1276,1264,1252,1241,1229,
1218,1206,1195,1183,1172,1161,1149,1138,1127,1116,
1105,1093,1082,1071,1060,1049,1038,1027,1017,1006,
995,984,973,963,952,941,931,920,910,900,
889,879,869,858,848,838,828,818,808,798,
788,778,768,758,749,739,729,720,710,701,
691,682,672,663,654,645,636,627,618,609,
600,591,582,573,565,556,547,539,530,522,
514,505,497,489,481,473,465,457,449,441,
433,426,418,410,403,395,388,381,373,366,
359,352,345,338,331,324,318,311,304,298,
291,285,279,272,266,260,254,248,242,236,
230,224,219,213,207,202,197,191,186,181,
176,171,166,161,156,151,146,142,137,133,
128,124,120,115,111,107,103,99,96,92,
88,85,81,78,74,71,68,64,61,58,
55,53,50,47,44,42,39,37,35,32,
30,28,26,24,22,20,19,17,15,14,
12,11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,
2,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,
6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,17,
19,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,35,37,
39,42,44,47,50,53,55,58,61,64,
68,71,74,78,81,85,88,92,96,99,
103,107,111,115,120,124,128,133,137,142,
146,151,156,161,166,171,176,181,186,191,
197,202,207,213,219,224,230,236,242,248,
254,260,266,272,279,285,291,298,304,311,
318,324,331,338,345,352,359,366,373,381,
388,395,403,410,418,426,433,441,449,457,
465,473,481,489,497,505,514,522,530,539,
547,556,565,573,582,591,600,609,618,627,
636,645,654,663,672,682,691,701,710,720,
729,739,749,758,768,778,788,798,808,818,
828,838,848,858,869,879,889,900,910,920,
931,941,952,963,973,984,995,1006,1017,1027,
1038,1049,1060,1071,1082,1093,1105,1116,1127,1138,
1149,1161,1172,1183,1195,1206,1218,1229,1241,1252,
1264,1276,1287,1299,1311,1322,1334,1346,1358,1370,
1381,1393,1405,1417,1429,1441,1453,1465,1477,1489,
1501,1514,1526,1538,1550,1562,1574,1587,1599,1611,
1623,1636,1648,1660,1673,1685,1697,1710,1722,1735,
1747,1760,1772,1784,1797,1809,1822,1834,1847,1859,
1872,1884,1897,1909,1922,1934,1947,1960,1972,1985,
1997,2010,2022,2035
};


 
void setup() {
// -------------------------------------------------------------
// default pins on Wave shield connected to DAC
pinMode(DATAOUT,     OUTPUT);
pinMode(SPICLOCK,    OUTPUT);
pinMode(SLAVESELECT, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LDAC, OUTPUT);

// seems to put the DAC in known state, but zero worked too!
// sendIntValueSPI(1000);
 sendIntValueSPI(0);
 
// basically keep this line low for the DAC to output signal is what I read
digitalWrite(LDAC,LOW);

// start serial interface
Serial.begin(9600);
}

// this is the routine that clocks a word of data to the DAC using SPI type transfer logic 
void sendIntValueSPI(int value) {
// -------------------------------------------------------------
 
// initiate data transfer with 4921
digitalWrite(SLAVESELECT,LOW);
 
// send 4 bit header
sendSPIHeader();
 
// send data
for(int i=11;i>=0;i--){
digitalWrite(DATAOUT,((value&(1<>i);
sendSPIClock();
}
 
// finish data transfer
digitalWrite(SLAVESELECT,HIGH);
}

// top of first byte of pair is commands for DAC
void sendSPIHeader() {
// -------------------------------------------------------------
// bit 15
// 0 write to DAC *
// 1 ignore command
digitalWrite(DATAOUT,LOW);
sendSPIClock();
// bit 14 Vref input buffer control
// 0 unbuffered *
// 1 buffered
digitalWrite(DATAOUT,LOW);
sendSPIClock();
// bit 13 Output Gain selection
// 0 2x
// 1 1x *
digitalWrite(DATAOUT,HIGH);
sendSPIClock();
// bit 12 Output shutdown control bit
// 0 Shutdown the device
// 1 Active mode operation *
digitalWrite(DATAOUT,HIGH);
sendSPIClock();
}

// basic clock of each bit with is routine
void sendSPIClock() {
// -------------------------------------------------------------
digitalWrite(SPICLOCK,HIGH);
digitalWrite(SPICLOCK,LOW);
}

// some simple wave forms for testing

void loop() {
// -------------------------------------------------------------


/*
// triangle wave
for (int i=0; i<25; i++)
{
  sendIntValueSPI(i*160);
}
for (int i=24; i>=0; i--)
{
  sendIntValueSPI(i*160);
}
*/
/*
// precision triangle wave
for (int i=0; i<=4095; i++)
{
  sendIntValueSPI(i);
}
for (int i=4095; i>=0; i--)
{
  sendIntValueSPI(i);
}
*/

//sine wave lookup
for (int i=0; i< (sizeof(sineLookup)/sizeof(int)); i++)
{
  // according to the doc, you cannot simply access data stored in the program mem like you would in data mem, so you must use the ATMEL functions to move data so you can use it.
  
  unsigned int tabVal = pgm_read_word_near(sineLookup + i);
//  Serial.print(i);
//  Serial.print(", ");
//  Serial.println(tabVal);
  sendIntValueSPI(tabVal);
}

/*
//square wave

interval = 0;
for (int i=0;  i < 50; i++) sendIntValueSPI(interval);
interval = 4095;
for (int i=0;  i < 50; i++) sendIntValueSPI(interval);
*/


//  for (interval=0; interval < 4096; interval++)
//  {
//   sendIntValueSPI(interval);

//  }
}

 

Using the Nordic nRF24L01+ 2.4GHz transceiver with Adruino

I picked up a Nordic nRF24L01+ breakout board and keychain remote FOB from Sparkfun.com a while ago to see about using it as part of a Aging In Place electronics project. Finally got around to experimenting with the pair this weekend. It was a cathartic break from working a plumbing problem.

I could not find much info on using it with the Arduino platform. To get my feet wet I just moved an example program written for AVR PIC to Arduino's language. I have posted it below.

The Nordic communication chips seem to be a good product for low power, long life remote control. The questions of range and clashes with other products in the 2.4GHz bands are still open.

The steps to talk with the Nordic chips are very straight forward. It uses the SPI communications for interfacing and has a simple interrupt architecture for status [the code below does not use the interrupt]. The Sparkfun breakout board is a nice starting point as it allows hookup to either 5 volt or 3.3 volts products by providing onboard voltage for the Nordic. And the Nordic chips are natively able to talk 5 or 3.3 volt.

I will compare some of these functions and price points with some of the other similar products out there. The Texas Instruments wireless products are one set that I want to compare.

// nfr2401_02
// 13-December-2009
//
// learning how to communicate with a Nordic nfr2401 wireless communications module.
// this program will set up a nfr2401 as a receiver and receive data from the key presses on a Sparkfun Nordic nfr2401 keyfob.
//
// parts:
// Transceiver nRF24L01+ Module with Chip Antenna Sparkfun sku: WRL-00691
// Nordic FOB Sparkfun sku: WRL-08602
// Arduino Deiecimila
//

// based on Nordic-FOB-Tester-v10.c written by Nathan Seidle at Sparkfun.com in 6-19-2007
// based on article and code 'Interfacing a Serial EEPROM Using SPI' at Arduino.cc by Heather Dewey-Hagborg

// SPI registers defined in basic Arduino:
// SPCR SPI Control Register
// SPDR SPI Data Register
// SPSR SPI Status Register

/* Arduino SPI register info
Data registers simply hold bytes.
For example, the SPI data register (SPDR) holds the byte which is about
to be shifted out the MOSI line,
and the data which has just been shifted in the MISO line.

Status registers change their state based on various microcontroller conditions.
For example, the seventh bit of the SPI status register (SPSR) gets set to 1
when a value is shifted in or out of the SPI.

The SPI control register (SPCR) has 8 bits, each of which control a particular SPI setting.

SPCR
| 7    | 6    | 5    | 4    | 3    | 2    | 1    | 0    |
| SPIE | SPE  | DORD | MSTR | CPOL | CPHA | SPR1 | SPR0 |

SPIE - Enables the SPI interrupt when 1
SPE - Enables the SPI when 1
DORD - Sends data least Significant Bit First when 1, most Significant Bit first when 0
MSTR - Sets the Arduino in master mode when 1, slave mode when 0
CPOL - Sets the data clock to be idle when high if set to 1, idle when low if set to 0
CPHA - Samples data on the falling edge of the data clock when 1, rising edge when 0
SPR1 and SPR0 - Sets the SPI speed, 00 is fastest (4MHz) 11 is slowest (250KHz)

*/

#define DATAOUT 11 //MOSI
#define DATAIN  12 //MISO 
#define SPICLOCK  13 //SCK
#define CHIPSELECT 10 //CS, also called SS slaveselect

#define NFR_CE 9 // nRF2401 sets the chip to RX or TX mode
#define NFR_IRQ 8 // active low interrupt from nRF2401

byte clr;  // temp to hold discardable SPI return data

byte data_array[4];  // holds data in packet received from Key FOB

byte incoming;  // holds status register of nfr2401

int button_presses; // holds count of number of times a button had been pressed on FOB [since battery replaced]


// routine to send and receive a byte on SPI

char spi_transfer(volatile char data)
{

  SPDR = data;                    // Start the transmission
  while (!(SPSR & (1<<SPIF)))     // Wait the end of the transmission
  {
  };

  return SPDR;                    // return the received byte
}

// main arduino setup routine

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600);
  
  Serial.println("Configuring the nRF2401.");

  pinMode( DATAOUT, OUTPUT);
  pinMode( DATAIN, INPUT);
  pinMode( SPICLOCK, OUTPUT);
  pinMode( CHIPSELECT, OUTPUT);
  
  pinMode( NFR_CE, OUTPUT);
  pinMode( NFR_IRQ, INPUT);


  //interrupt enabled,spi enabled,msb 1st,master,clk low when idle,
  //sample on leading edge of clk,system clock/4 rate (fastest)

  SPCR = (1<<SPE)|(1<<MSTR);
  clr=SPSR;
  clr=SPDR;
  delay(10);


  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable SPI comm with device
  digitalWrite(NFR_CE, LOW); //chip disable the nRF2401  
  

  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device 
  spi_transfer(0x20); //enable RX irq, CRC enabled, be a receiver
  spi_transfer(0x39);
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable SPI comm with device

  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device
  spi_transfer(0x21);  // disable auto-acknowledge
  spi_transfer(0x00);
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable SPI comm with device
    
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device
  spi_transfer(0x23);  // set address width to 5 bytes (default, not really needed)
  spi_transfer(0x03);
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable SPI comm with device

  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device
  spi_transfer(0x26);  //air data rate 1 Mbit, 0dBm, setup LNA
  spi_transfer(0x07);
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable comm with SPI device
  
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device
  spi_transfer(0x31);  // 4 byte receive payload
  spi_transfer(0x04);
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable comm with SPI device
  
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device
  spi_transfer(0x25);  // rf channel 2 (default, not really needed)
  spi_transfer(0x02);
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable comm with SPI device
  
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device
  spi_transfer(0x2a);  //set RX pipe 0 address
  spi_transfer(0xe7);
  spi_transfer(0xe7);
  spi_transfer(0xe7);
  spi_transfer(0xe7);
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable comm with SPI device
  
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device
  spi_transfer(0x20);  // RX interrupt, power up, be a receiver
  spi_transfer(0x3b);
  digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable comm with SPI device

  Serial.println("Done setting up.");
  digitalWrite(NFR_CE, HIGH); //receiver enable the nRF2401 

}

// main arduino program loop

void loop()
{
  Serial.println("Startup up communications with nRF2401.");
  Serial.println("Waiting for message from Nordic Key FOB.");
  
  // loop forever
  while(1)
  {
    digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device 
    incoming = spi_transfer(0xff); // get nRF2401 status register contents
    digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable comm with SPI device
    // transmission received from FOB
    if (incoming & 0x40)
      {

        // get data from nRF2401
        digitalWrite(NFR_CE, LOW); //disable receiver in the nRF2401 
        digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device 
        spi_transfer(0x61);
        data_array[0] = spi_transfer(0xff);
        data_array[1] = spi_transfer(0xff);        
        data_array[2] = spi_transfer(0xff);
        data_array[3] = spi_transfer(0xff);
        digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable comm with SPI device
 
        digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device 
        spi_transfer(0xe2);  // flush RX FIFO
        digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable comm with SPI device

        digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, LOW); //enable comm with SPI device 
        spi_transfer(0x27);  // clear RF FIFO interrupt
        spi_transfer(0x40);
        digitalWrite(CHIPSELECT, HIGH); //disable comm with SPI device
        digitalWrite(NFR_CE, HIGH); //receiver enable the nRF2401 
                
        // figure out which key on FOB was pressed
        
        switch( data_array[0] )
        {
          case 0x17: Serial.print("Left button  "); break;
          case 0x1e: Serial.print("Bottom button"); break;
          case 0x1b: Serial.print("Right button "); break;
          case 0x1d: Serial.print("Top button   "); break;
          case 0x0f: Serial.print("Center button"); break;
          default: Serial.print(  "No button!   "); break;
        }
        // display the total number of times that a button had been pressed on the FOB
        // since battery in FOB replaced
        button_presses = (data_array[1] << 8) + data_array[2];
        Serial.print(" pressed ");
        Serial.print( button_presses, DEC );
        Serial.println(" times.");

        // wait a bit before checking for another key press packet, may need some adjusting.       
        delay(10);
      }
  }
}